Most pathogens are known to be what in relation to their hosts?

Most pathogens are indeed host-specific, meaning they tend to infect particular plant species, genera, or even families. This specificity arises because each pathogen has adapted over time to exploit certain biological and biochemical characteristics of its host.

The relationship between pathogens and their hosts is shaped by complex interactions, including the host's defense mechanisms. For example, a particular fungus may have evolved to penetrate the tissue of one type of plant but not another due to variations in the plant's cellular structure or immune response. This is why understanding the host range of a pathogen is fundamental in Integrated Pest Management, as it helps in developing targeted control strategies that minimize damage while preserving beneficial organisms and the ecosystem.

The incorrect options reflect misunderstandings of pathogen behavior. Some pathogens are not universal; they cannot infect every plant species indiscriminately due to their specialized adaptations. Additionally, most pathogens are harmful rather than beneficial, as they typically cause disease and can hinder plant growth. Lastly, claiming that pathogens are completely independent of plant species overlooks the fact that their survival and reproduction often depend heavily on interacting with specific hosts.